今天的阅读考试总结就是“中规中矩“，并且三篇均为旧题。每一篇的题型搭配都是很常规的组合，Passage1的填空+判断，与剑17test1passage1的题型组合和数量完全一致；Passage2的题型组合是段匹+人名匹配+填空，与剑17的test2passag2组合一致；Passage3的题型搭配是单选+判断+句首配句尾，算是剑桥真题书中的第二热门组合。比如剑10test1和剑10test4的第三篇。不过太久没有在考试中出现的句首配句尾题型，让考生们似乎忽略了它的存在。

Passage1 How to make your way out of the food deserts

曾出现于：2016.10.22/2018.10.11

类别：科技

难度：★

题型配比：填空6+判断7

“food desert” 指的是缺乏新鲜食物缺乏或者食品价格昂贵的区域。今天的passage1是一篇旧题，曾经在2016年的10月和2018年的10月分别出现，题型组合是填空6+判断7，是很常规的passage1的形式。文章中提到了一个调查表明，在美国的布鲁克林市中心出现了“food desert”的现象，有些住在市中心的市民收入不高，无法负担新鲜健康的食品。市中心的土地少并且租金成本昂贵，超市无法保证整场的新鲜蔬果的销售，于是城市面临着新鲜健康食物稀缺的问题。

参考答案：

1. location   2. polices    3. government    4. incomes   5.land     6. competition

7 N   8. N    9.Y    10.N   11. TY    12. NG    13. Y   

参考文章：

A volunteer effort to map all the food stores in Brooklyn, N.Y., is an example of two rising trends: citizen mapping and increasing scrutiny of urban Americans' access to healthy food

The Brooklyn Food Coalition held its data entry party on the Monday after Martin Luther King, Jr. Day. That night was especially dry and cold; even indoors, everyone was bundled in sweatshirts and scarves. Above couches on which eight volunteers sat with laptops perched on their knees, there hung a framed quote by Indian author Arundhati Roy: "Not only is another world possible, she is on her way. On a quiet day, I can hear her breathing."

The volunteers were collating the results of a recent survey of the 200-some greengrocers and convenience stores in Crown Heights, a neighborhood in Brooklyn, N.Y. As they tapped away on their keyboards, colorful dots appeared on their online map, Foodcensus.org. The map shows the locations of all the food stores in a handful of central Brooklyn neighborhoods. Clicking on a location—one of the dots—brings up a dialogue balloon that displays the store's name and address and whether it carries fresh fruit and vegetables, whole grain bread, low-fat dairy and other healthy options. The volunteers plan to eventually map the entire borough.

Northern and central Brooklyn have some of the unhealthiest food stores in New York City, according to a paper published by New York City District Public Health Office researchers in January. "We want to get to a more specific and detailed description of what that looks like," says Jeffrey Heehs, who leads the mapping project. He hopes the map will help residents find fresh food and help policymakers assess food availability.

The Brooklyn mapping effort represents the intersection of two growing trends: mapping fresh food markets in U.S. cities, and private citizens creating online maps of local features in their neighborhoods. According to Michael Goodchild, a geographer at the University of California at Santa Barbara, citizen cartographers may make maps just for fun; because there is no good government-made map for the area, as in Port-au-Prince, Haiti; or to record problems such as potholes or burned-out traffic lights.

"All this has come out in the past four years," says Michele Ver Ploeg, a USDA economist who prepared a report to Congress in 2009 about "food deserts," or urban areas where the stores sell mostly packaged snacks or fast food instead of fresh produce.

Low-income neighborhoods, where residents are at higher risk for obesity and chronic disease, are often located in food deserts, according to recent research. Researchers have several theories about how food deserts arose. Linda Alwitt and Thomas Donley, marketing researchers at DePaul University in Chicago, wrote in The Journal of Consumer Affairs in 2005 that supermarkets often can't afford large enough properties for their stores in cities. Alwitt and Donley also have posited that when more affluent families moved out of many inner cities in the U.S. during the 1970s and 1980s, supermarkets left as well. City planning researcher Cliff Guy and his colleagues at the University of Leeds in the U.K. wrote in the International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management in 2004 that smaller urban groceries tend to close due to competition from suburban supermarkets.

As fresh food stores leave a neighborhood, residents find it harder to eat well and stay healthy. Food deserts are linked with lower local health outcomes, and they may be a driving force in the health disparities among lower-income and affluent people in the U.S. The issue attracted national attention in 2008, when that year's Farm Bill included, for the first time, funding to study and improve food deserts.

Now more U.S. cities are taking stock of their food landscapes. Last year, the USDA launched a map of food store densities in all the U.S. counties. Mari Gallagher, who runs a private consulting firm, says her researchers have mapped food stores and health statistics for the cities of Detroit, Chicago, Cincinnati and Washington, D.C. These maps help cities identify where food deserts are and, occasionally, have documented that people living in food deserts have higher rates of cancer and diet-related diseases.

The Brooklyn effort differs in that it's run by local core of five volunteers, not professional researchers, who have worked on the project for the past year. To gather data, they simply go to individual stores with pre-printed surveys in hand and check off boxes for the products for sale and whether the store accepts food stamp benefits. The team usually works with other local service groups or high school students looking to fulfill community service hours.

As citizen cartographers, they're a part of the second trend, one that geographers say is becoming increasingly popular. The movement is fueled by new technologies such as mapping apps and GPS-enabled smart phones, other handheld GPS devices, Google maps and OpenStreetMap, an open-source online map with a history of involvement in social justice. After Haiti's devastating January 2010 earthquake, for example, OpenStreetMap contributors built the first digital street map of Port-au-Prince. Brooklyn-based Foodcensus.org uses OpenStreetMap as its base. Such tools are "very, very simple to use and essentially available to everybody," says Goodchild.

Like the Brooklyn Food Coalition volunteers, many citizen cartographers use maps to bring local problems to official attention, Goodchild says. Heehs, the mapping project leader, says that after his group gathers more data, it will compare neighborhoods, draft policies to address local needs and then lobby New York City officials. Foodcensus.org hasn't caught much local or official attention yet, however. The Web site, which launched last month, doesn't yet track its hits so its creators don't know who's looking at it.

Experts who visited the Brooklyn group's site were optimistic but cautious. "This kind of detailed information could be very useful," says Ver Ploeg. To make the map more helpful to both residents and policymakers, she would like to see price data for healthy products, too. Karen Ansel, a registered dietician and a spokesperson for the American Dietetic Association, found the site confusing to navigate. "That said, with this information in place, Foodcensus has the tools to build a more user-friendly site that could be...very helpful to consumers," she says. The group also should ensure their map is available to those who don't have internet access at home, she adds. In fact, 27 percent of Brooklyn residents don't have internet at home and 8 percent rely on dial-up service, instead of high-speed, internet access, according to Gretchen Maneval, director of Brooklyn College's Center for the Study of Brooklyn. The Center's numbers come from data received from the New York City Mayor's Office.

"It's still very much a work in progress," Heehs says of the coalition's online map. They'll start advertising it online and by e-mail to other community groups, such as urban food garden associations, next month. He also hopes warmer days in the spring will draw out more volunteers to finish surveying—they have about two-thirds of Brooklyn left to cover—and to spread awareness.

Passage 2 Australian dingo

曾出现于：2016.06.30/2017.06.17

类别：自然

难度：★★

题型配比：段匹7+人名3+填空3

Passage2是和动物相关的话题，提到了澳洲野犬的生存状况，以及它们对于当地生态系统的影响和作用。题型组合与剑17的test2passag2一致，只不过今天考试中的这篇文章段匹数量从5题增加到了7题。在近两场的考试中，出现段匹的篇章中，数量均为7题，比如上周六的passage3 段匹的数量也是7题，这一题型数量的增加，也是对学生阅读能力和速度的考验。

参考题目：

段匹

14. Dingoes prefer native animals than non-native ones.

15. The introduction of dingoes to Australia

16. Dingo’s preference on predators.

17. The prevention on the number of dingoes.

18. An earlier method to control dingoes.

19. The relationship between Tasmania tigers and dingoes.

20.待回忆

人名匹配

21. The number of dingoes will affect the income of farmers.

22. Therelationship between dingoes and balance of nature.   

23. The preference on predators.

填空

24. The extinction ofTasmanian tigers are partly due to the competition from dingoes.

25. Dingoes prefer to choosecalves as their preys.

26. Dingoes can control the number of wild-life animal fromoverpopulation.

Passage 3 Pacific Voyage

曾出现于：2010.6.19

类别：科技

难度：★★★

题型配比：单选5+判断5+句首配句尾4

今天的passage3也是一篇旧题，曾经出现与2010年6月19日的考试中。讲了我们现在对于古代人在太平洋上划着canoe航海的研究。很多专家采取了不同的方法：有的运用古老的装备实地体验，有的装备最新的技术去尝试，有的研究当地人的心理，有的在实验室了建模型研究。另外8月11日考试的passage2也涉及到了古代人航海的话题。从题型组合来说，在连续几场躲不开避不开的选词填空题之后，今天的句首配句尾题型对于很多考生来说是”陌生人”。对于该题型的解题方法比较生疏。其实它也是单选题的经常组合出现的“老伙计”之一。（剑10test1passage3/剑10test4passage3/剑13test1passage3）

小作文：

动态表格

1911， 1961和2011年，英国的总人口数以及15岁和75岁男女的占比的变化。

今天的小作文和上一场考试一样，考察的组合图，组合图确定思考思路的时候，大家可以从两幅图之间的变量是否存在关系上着手。宏观概括往往可以用Overall， 变量和变量 seem to be poorly/strong correlated 来概括。接着再主体段通过合理分段来解释两者之间的联系。

今天的考题大家不妨看看两幅图之间是否存在因果关系：英国总人口数的改变和15岁和75岁男女占比的变化是否相关，比如说可能是男性数量的增长导致到了总人口的增长。

大作文： 

Some people think that the increasing use of computers and mobile phones for communication has a negative effects on young people’s reading and writing skills. Do you agree or disagree?

今天考察的观点类的大作文。题目内容是： 

一些人认为越来越多地使用电脑和手机来进行交流对于年轻人的阅读和写作能力会造成消极影响。你同意吗？ 

这道题很多的同学的跑题现象会出现：

1. 我不同意会有消极影响，然后通过列举积极影响，比如人们的交流变得更加便利来进行证明（跑题的原因是因为有积极的影响也不能证明没有对阅读和写作技能造成消极的影响）

2.我同意有消极的影响，因为长时间盯着屏幕会对年轻人的视力造成影响（视力造成影响和reading and writing skills不相关）。

这道题大家在思考的时候破题的角度可以考虑，平常年轻人是怎么用这些电子设备去进行交流的。 

1. 用语音，表情包，视频，很少书写，长此以往会不会导致说有些字忘记怎么写了，一些复杂句由于运用的少也很难书写成功。 

2. 书写软件的自动纠正功能和拼写提示功能可能会让年轻人忽视如何准确的书写。