相信备考托福的同学们一定知道托福阅读中有一种叫句子简化题(Sentence Simplification)的题型。
句子简化题每篇文章最多一题,却非常耗时间,正确率也不是很高。不过,看完下面的文章,了解今天的主角“句子边界”之后,相信大家解答句子简化题会更加胸有成竹、得心应手。
句子边界
我们首先来看下面这句话:
毫无疑问,这句话非常复杂,其原因就是句子内部的三个逗号把句子分成了四个部分:
1、When two closely related individuals mate;
2、Their offspring are more likely to manifest genetic diseases than are the offspring of genetically unrelated individuals;
3、And as a result;
4、Inbreeding tends to produce animals that are less likely to survive to adulthood and reproduce。
显然,(1)和(3)只是句子碎片,(2)和(4)才是可以独立存在的完整句子。
由此,我们可以说,逗号是句子内部的重要边界。借助逗号,很容易就能做出判断,高亮句子的重要信息(essential information)主要集中在(2)和(4)这两部分中。再进一步分析,(2)和(4)这两句话是不是地位相同,或者说都是同等重要的信息呢?答案当然是否定的。
A. When closely related individuals mate, their offspring are likely to manifest genetic diseases that will probably be passed on to the next generation.
B. Genetic diseases inherited from parents that are not related make it less likely that the affected offspring will survive to adulthood and reproduce.
C. When two related individuals mate, their offspring may survive to adulthood, but they are unlikely to reproduce.
除了找到句子内部的重要信息,句子边界的用处还有很多,比如厘清句内成分的关系,判断句间逻辑,利用减法提高阅读速度和效率,甚至还有助于识别出题句和考点。