SAT讲义——词汇部分_SAT_新航道杭州学校

新航道杭州首页> 考试技巧分享 > SAT

SAT讲义——词汇部分

作者： 2012-06-27 14:49 来源：杭州编辑

一、SAT考试对于词汇掌握的要求
    SAT(Scholastic Assessment Test)考试分为两部分，包括SAT I（推理测验）和SAT II （专项测验），对于广大申请者来说，SAT I成绩是必须的，如果还有SAT II成绩，更能增加申请者的竞争力。
    从NEW SAT现有的题型进行分析来看，这是一个纯粹的标准化考试，换句话说，正如大学英语四六级、托福、GRE考试一样，这个考试具有很强的技巧性和规律性。突破这样一种标准化的考试往往都有这样一个顺序规律，就是本着“先词汇，后真题”的原则。在掌握词汇的基础上面，了解真题，熟悉真题，分析真题，得出该考试的出题思想以及解题技巧，从而轻易的攻破该考试。对于SAT也是一样。可以说，攻破词汇是SAT成功的保证，并在考试准备过程中占有最主要的地位。攻下词汇关，SAT就拿下了一半！
    但是，目前国内准备SAT考试的大部分为高中一、二年级的学生，这一时期普通重点中学学生的单词量平均在2500-3000左右，外国语学校的学生单词量平均在4000-5000左右，然而SAT考试要求的词汇量却在10000以上。另外，这个时期的学生要面临学校的课业负担，要面临期中、期末、会考的压力，时间和精力都不充裕，现在又加上这样一个大词汇量的考试，想在短时间之内将自己的单词量扩充四至五倍以上难度可想而知。
二、背单词的两大误区
1．抄写自虐
    每当遇到一个新单词的时候，很多的同学，尤其是较为用功的同学，往往会采用一种“抄写自虐”的方法，这种方法在实际操作中不仅耽误时间和精力，更重要的是这种做法没有明显的实际效果。大家可以联想我们的汉字，如果一个汉字，你看五分钟后这个汉字连读音都想不起来了。英语单词也是一样，一个单词抄写一百遍和抄五遍的效果基本上是相同的，一定遍数之后，只是在做简单的机械运动而已。另外，这种做法，在应试的时候会产生一种后果：这个单词很熟悉，很肯定我原来抄过这个单词，但是单词是什么意思就是想不起来了。所以在平时单词的记忆过程当中，尤其像SAT这样的考试，大部分单词不考拼写和读音，只是单纯的考查意思的理解，不需要大量的抄写，建议最多抄写三至五遍即可。
2．囫囵吞枣
    很多同学在背单词的时候只满足于掌握好这个单词简单的中文意思就可以了，而并不重视掌握这个单词的其他常用中文意思以及短语搭配。这种做法叫做背单词的“囫囵吞枣”。在应试的时候会产生一种后果：阅读或者填空的一句话中所有的单词都认识，但是就是不知道这段话说什么意思。
    例如：在填空题当中有这样一句话We do not argue here that exposure to low-level microwave energy is either hazardous or safe.
    再例如：shed/ shed light on……
三、SAT词汇“飞跃式”突破法
    结合SAT考试的题型具体分析以及词汇背诵经验，我们向大家推荐SAT词汇“飞跃式”突破法来突破SAT词汇关。
    SAT词汇“飞跃式”突破法的核心就在于结合SAT考试的特点，利用单词意群以及单词感情色彩的思想，逐项飞跃式的突破，短期迅速扩大自己的词汇量，熟练的掌握并且准确的运用单词。以下将对SAT词汇“飞跃式”突破法作以具体的介绍：
    1. “飞跃式”突破法之词根词缀
    所谓词根词缀就相当于汉语中的偏旁部首。可以发现，一个三点水旁的汉字应该和水有关系，一个言字旁的汉字应该代表说话的意思，那么即使这个汉字是一个我们不认识的字，我们也可以根据字的“长相”来猜测字的意思。英语也是一样，英语有80%的单词是由词根词缀构成的，我们可以根据词根词缀来记忆这些单词。利用这种方法有两点好处：
    ，如果在临场考试过程中看到一个不认识的单词，可以利用词根词缀来猜测单词的大概意思，甚至感情色彩。在SAT考试中，几乎没有一个同学可以做到所有填空题的五个选项单词全部都认识。这就需要有一定的利用词根词缀来猜单词意思的能力，例如：inconclusive
    第二，在平时背诵单词的时候，我们更加可以利用词根词缀的方法，将同一个词根词缀的所有单词放到一起记忆，这样可以达到以点向面的效果，从而迅速扩展我们的词汇量。另外，词根词缀的意思并不要求死记硬背下来，我们可以根据我们所掌握的高中和四级单词来记忆词根词缀，然后再用词根词缀指导我们背更多的单词。
    例如： “pos”这个词根的常见四级单词有pose, compose, expose, position等，我们可以利用这四个单词就可以把pos这个词根的意思记住，然后我们可以扩展一组难词：compound exponent expound opponent postpone postponement posit position positive posture apposite apposition compose composedly composer composite compositor composition component compost composure decompose depose deposit deposition depositor depository discompose discomposure dispose disposable disposal expose exposure exposition impose imposing imposition indispose indisposition interpose juxtapose oppose opposite opposition preposition prepositional propose proposal proposition purpose repose reposeful reposition superposition suppose supposedly supposition transpose transposition disposition
    2. “飞跃式”词汇突破法之音形联想
    音形联想法是根据某些单词的读音或者外形，聪明的联想出一些方法将单词记住，而不是枯燥无味的抄写。其中外形联想法又可以分为颠三倒四、大卸八块、形近词联想比较三个方面。
（1）读音联想：ponderous，exhaust，nuptials
    （2）颠三倒四：dingy，loot
    （3）大卸八块：reticent，daunt，vaunt，flaunt，gaunt，jaunt，haunt
    （4）形近词联想： ample，knack
    注意：读音联想只是为了帮助大家聪明并且快速的记住单词，向枯燥的活动添一些兴奋剂，正所谓不择手段。但是在口语发音的时候千万不要按照这种方法读单词，否则后果自负。
     3. “飞跃式”词汇突破法之意群记忆
    在利用前两种方法的基础之上，我们可以飞跃到意群记忆的方法。意群记忆方法可以分为以下两种：
    阅读意群记忆：这一部分有助于提高我们的阅读能力。我们在有了一定词汇量的基础之上，可以将单词进行归纳总结，按照阅读文章题材的分类，将同一题材场景或者同一类别的词汇放到一起记忆，突破阅读中可能遇到的单词障碍。
    例如：关于Modern Agriculture的题材有以下一组单词的总结：agricultural silt cold agrarian pilot rural idyllic irrigation farm-animal farm-car farm-crane farm-product farm-vehicle farm-working farming farming-season autarkic tractor combine cowboy ranch cross pasture contract mechanize smallholder pastoral graze nomadic
    写作意群记忆：这一部分有助于提高我们的写作用词能力。我们知道，作文对于词汇的要求有两点：丰富和准确。文笔好的作文一般有这样一个特点，就是在这篇文章中表达同一个意思用不同的表达方式，然而这几种不同的表达方式的用词和短语，就需要我们平日里面的积累，再背单词的过程中，也可以不断扩展总结相同意象的单词。
    例如：中文同样是“嘲讽，嘲笑”，英文却有几十个单词：deride mock ridicule scorn sneer quip flout hack jape persiflage taunt mordant spoof badinage banter等等，如果在考试之前将这些同意象的词汇进行扩展记忆，那么在考场作文的时候就可以发挥自如了！
    4． “飞跃式”词汇突破法之易混词辨析
    SAT单词记忆到了这个步骤，你就可以发现你已经进入了词汇记忆的阶段，即“非囫囵吞枣”的阶段。易混词语包括外形相近的词（前文中我们利用这个特点帮助我们记忆中文意思）和意思相近的词。要掌握其中的差异，有效的一个方法就是将每组易混易错的词语放到一起进行辨析，从而真正达到单词掌握的境界。
    例如：上例中的这些单词虽然都是嘲笑的意思，但这些“嘲笑”的具体用法，短语搭配以及感情色彩都有很大差异，这个很容易被忽视的差异正是SAT考试填空题和阅读题考查的重点。
    再例如：SAT中表示“郁闷”意思的英文有：morose saturnine crestfallen downcast melancholy gloomy dispirited doleful等等，但这些郁闷也是不一样的。
    利用易混词辨析记忆，可以达到的效果有三：
    ，有利于同一个意思单词中文意思的类比记忆。
    第二，有利于掌握单词的具体用法以及同义词间的差别辨析。
    第三，有利于作文中词语性和多样性变化的精确运用。
四、句子填空题应用举例
    下面以两道填空题为例，向大家简单介绍一下“飞跃式”词汇学习法在SAT考试中的应用。
Given the ______ state of the published evidence, we do not argue here that exposure to low-level microwave energy is either hazardous or safe.
(A) Inconclusive
(B) satisfactory
(C) definitive
(D) immaculate
(E) exemplary
    我们再来看一道例题。
Both ____ and ____, Wilson seldom spoke and never spent money.
(A) vociferous….generous
(B) garrulous….stingy
(C) effusive….frugal
(D) taciturn….miserly
(E) reticent….munificent
五、关于准备SAT词汇的几个注意事项
    1．快速+多遍
    很多同学给自己制定了长达半年的背单词计划，但没过几个月，前面背过的东西早已忘得一干二净。因此，记单词重在及时强化，而且不同时间，不同材料分别重复，如果对任何一个单词在当天重复3遍，并在每5天之内再次重复，并时不时的利用题目进行配合，记忆效果会好很多。
    2．与真题相配合
    在背单词的同时，要用做SAT的真题的方法来配合单词的背诵。这样，刚刚背过的单词可以在题目中得到巩固，并且在题目中加深了单词的印象，达到一箭双雕的效果。
    3．读音与拼写相对次要
    在如此多的单词量的情况下，SAT不会要求考生对于每个单词的拼写一清二楚，而用来写作的单词1000-2000个也已经足够，其余的单词我们只要知道它大概的长相是什么就可以了。
六、SAT词汇背诵计划制定
    按照SAT词汇量的特点，要求考生掌握10000词汇以上，减去一般高中生现有的词量2000个左右，在减去极偏词难词，那么我们需要准备的词汇为8000个左右核心词汇。按照艾宾浩斯记忆曲线，在天学单词后如果不加以复习，第二天就会遗忘25%，随着时间的推移，遗忘的速度越慢，遗忘的数量也减少。我们结合新东方的内部词汇教材以及普通高中生的日常时间安排，将这些核心单词分成了30个list，并且制定了16天背词计划表如下：
Day 01 Day 02 Day 03 Day 04 Day 05 Day 06 Day 07
*1~2 *3~4 *5~6 *7~8 *9~10 *11~12 *13~14
   1~2 3~4 5~6 7~8
1~2 3~4 5~6 7~8 9~10 11~12
1~2 3~4 5~6 7~8 9~10 11~12 13~14
Day 08 Day 09 Day 10 Day 11 Day 12 Day 13 Day 14
*15~16 *17~18 *19~20 *21~22 *23~24 *25~26 *27~28
1~2 3~4 5~6 7~8 9~10 11~12 13~14
9~10 11~12 13~14 15~16 17~18 19~20 21~22
13~14 15~16 17~18 19~20 21~22 23~24 25~26
15~16 17~18 19~20 21~22 23~24 25~26 27~28
Day 15 Day 16 注意：
标注*的为当天新背的单词，没有标注*的为复习的单词
每个list词汇约为150个

*29~30 *31~32
15~16 17~18
23~24 25~26
27~28 28~29
29~30 31~32
    按照这样的计划，用16天的时间将所有单词复习3-5遍，基本就可以掌握单词的意思。但是这个计划的密度强度很大，需要用坚强的毅力来支撑，一定不要中途放弃。
七、关于准备SAT考试的心态
    对于正在准备或者开始准备SAT的勇士们，心态对于最后的结果至关重要。
    1．我们在准备SAT的时候，一定要将对自己的要求放高。因为如果想要在任何一个考试中取得一个好的成绩，那么应试者的能力一定不能仅仅局限在这个考试的要求范围，而要高于这个考试才行。
    2．在能力与考试技巧的权衡上面，一定要将重点放在能力的上面。比如你眼前有一块跟你一边高的石碑，石碑上面刻着很美丽的图画，但是你的身高是看不到的。这个时候你能做的有两种办法，种就是跳起来，在考试中就是突击式复习，这种做法虽然能看到画，但事实一瞬间的，并不能长久的领略画的魅力。第二种就是抬高自己，在自己的脚下垫起一块石头，抬高自己的实力，这样一来，一切问题就解决了。
3．一旦决定开始准备SAT，就踏上了一条艰苦的道路，尤其是准备背诵单词，更是一项痛苦的差事，也是枯燥乏味的。但是“痛苦正是那破壳而出的悟性，就像果核必须破壳而出，才能享受阳光。”

SAT讲义——填空部分
★ SAT填空题概述

1． SAT填空题题目简介

SAT 填空题分布
SECTION CONTENT SENTENCE COMPLETION NOTE
SECTION 1 Essay  1．加试可以是阅读、数学或者语法任何一项
2．SECTION2-7（包括加试）顺序是随机的每个SECTION 25分钟完成
3．SECTION8-9顺序是随机的每个SECTION 20分钟完成
4．SECTION10固定是语法部分
SECTION 2 Critical reading 1-8 questions
SECTION 3 Mathematics
BREAK
SECTION 4 Writing skills
SECTION 5 Experimental
SECTION 6 Critical reading 1-5 questions
SECTION 7 Mathematics
SECTION 8 Critical reading 1-6 questions
SECTION 9 Mathematics
SECTION 10 Writing skills
（1）每一个阅读部分都是以填空题开始的
（2）每一个填空题有一至两个空格
（3）每一个SECTION中填空题的难度是递增的
（4）每一个填空题的时间应大约为30-45秒
（5）填空题应尽量为阅读题节省时间

2． SAT填空题考查的能力

SAT填空题与中国学生从小学开始习惯了的填空题有着本质区别。中国学生习惯了的填空题一般都是考查对于知识的记忆以及补充，其考查能力往往为学生对于某一知识的考查，这就要求学生提前掌握这个知识，才能正确作答。但是，SAT填空题与之正好相反，其考查的是学生的逻辑思维能力而并非知识。所以，要正确解答SAT的填空题，就必须改变我们长期养成的思维模式，不断地用逻辑推理分析来辅助我们解题。SAT填空所考查的内容主要涉及学生以下三点能力：
（1）词汇能力
（2）阅读能力
（3）逻辑分析能力
在这三种能力中，词汇能力是基础（见词汇“飞跃式”突破法），阅读能力是辅助，而逻辑分析能力才是真正解答SAT填空题的关键！学生也应该着重加强对于逻辑分析能力的训练。那么是怎么样的逻辑分析呢？我们来看下面几组例子：
（1）好人是________.
A. 牛的 B. 慷慨的 C. 不坏的 D. 令人景仰的 E. 好色的
（2）秦始皇，中国历史上的个皇帝，是一个________皇帝。
A. 残暴的 B. 伟大的 C. 好色的 D. 的 E. 勤政的
（3）秦始皇，中国历史上的个皇帝，是一个________皇帝；他不分昼夜，每天批阅大臣上奏的关于政务的竹简令人难以置信的达到数百斤。
A. 残暴的 B. 伟大的 C. 好色的 D. 的 E. 勤政的
（4）Melodramas were popular precisely because they offered the audience a world_____ of _____.
A. bereft...theatricality B. composed...adversity C. full...circumstantiality
D. deprived...polarity E. devoid...neutrality
（5）Melodramas, which did not present neutral situations, were popular precisely because they offered the audience a world _____ of _____.
A. bereft...theatricality B. composed...adversity C. full...circumstantiality
D. deprived...polarity E. devoid...neutrality
（6）Melodramas, which present the stark oppositions between innocence and criminality, virtue and corruption, good and evil, were popular precisely because they offered the audience a world _____ of _____.
A. bereft...theatricality B. composed...adversity C. full...circumstantiality
D. deprived...polarity E. devoid...neutrality

3． SAT填空题逻辑关系考查的基本形式

（1）考查空格和已有成分之间的逻辑关系
1. The spellings of many Old English words have been ____ in the living language, although their pronunciations have changed.
A. preserved B. shortened C. preempted D. revised E. improved
2. Many paintings of the American southwest convey a feeling of isolation and loneliness that mirrors the ______ landscape they depict.
A. lust B. sprawling C. desolate D. gaudy E. monumental
（2）考查空格与空格之间的逻辑关系
3. Old age, even in cultures where it is ______, is often viewed with______.
A. venerated...ambivalence B. rare...surprise C. ignored...condescension
D. feared...dismay E. honored...respect
4. The movie’s plot was ______: once you knew what befell the hero, you could ______ the fate of the villain.
A. convincing…misinterpret B. misleading…anticipate C. predictable…foresee
D. ironic…endorse E. spellbinding…ignore
5. Although the editors were reputed to be very ______, the uneven quality of the material may put into the anthology suggests they were too ______.
A. amateurish…professional B. lax…harsh C. selective…inclusive
D. judgmental…discriminating E. sensitive…insightful
6. Favoring economy of expression in writing, the professor urged students toward a ______ rather than an ______ prose style.
A. spare…ornate B. terse…opinionated C. personal…academic
D. baroque…embellished E. repetitive…intricate

★ SAT填空题的两大基本原则

由于SAT作为标准化考试，就必须对所有考生一视同仁，换句话说，其出题的一个假设是所有考生的所有条件均一致。SAT根据若干年的出题经验，现在的题目已经渐渐形成一种固定的模式，这对我们探索其解题的方法以及规律是大有益处的！对于填空题来说，SAT遵循以下两大原则：

原则一：公平原则
ETS在出题的时候，不可能设计出一些只能用相关知识才能够解决的题目，所有题目都是可以利用题目本身解决的。在解题过程中，只应该关注其逻辑推理分析部分，回避一切背景知识、知识、人名地名等专有名词。但是有的时候，ETS在出题的时候的一些固定套路我们可以借鉴帮助解题。（后文会有介绍）

原则二：重复原则
ETS出题不可能会凭空让考生填入一个词汇，因此，在题目中会提供足够的参考信息给考生作为解题依据，所以，我们在做填空题的时候，不要凭空想象，要根据题目解题。换句话说，填空题的实质就是“找同义词或反义词”。
那么，在填空题中包含的逻辑重复关系一般来讲可以概括为两种：
（1）同义重复
     7. Heavily perfumed white flowers, such as gardenias, were favorites with collectors in the eighteenth century, when ______ was valued much more highly than it is today.
A. scent B. beauty C. elegance D. color E. variety
（2）反义重复
     8. Dreams are ______ in and of themselves, but, when combined with other data, they can tell us much about the dreamer.
A. uninformative B. startling C. harmless D. unregulated E. uncontrollable
     但是每一种重复都有多种表现形式，可以细分为多个种类，对于逻辑关系的分析会在后面详细介绍。

★ SAT填空题的一般解题步骤

由于ETS出国考试的特殊性，我们不能按照传统中国考试中的填空题解题步骤和顺序进行解题。按照SAT填空题的特点，解答SAT填空题应按照以下步骤进行：

步：抓句子主干
在SAT考试填空题中的句子往往或有复杂的结构，或有冗繁的修饰部分，但是有些结构和修饰部分是对于解题关系不大的。对于参加考试的中学生来讲，在阅读题干的时候应该尽可能的将句子结构简化，这样能够对题目的解答产生巨大的帮助！
为了简化句子结构，我们将逐一分析SAT填空中影响句子阅读障碍的因素：
（1）插入语成分
      9. Yellow fever, the disease that killed 4,000 Philadelphians in 1793, and so ______ Memphis, Tennessee, that the city lost its charter, has reappeared after nearly two decades in ______ in the Western Hemisphere.
      A. terrorized...contention B. ravaged...secret C. disabled...quarantine
      D. corrupted...quiescence E. decimated...abeyance
10. The border between the two properties, never ______ by legal means, had long been the subject of ______ between the antagonistic neighbors.
A. determined…concord B. undermined…hostility C. verified…consonance
D. quantified…diversion E. established…disputation

（2）倒装句
11. Freedom of expression is not necessarily a _____ force: communities that encourage it often feel less threatened by social unrest than do those in which dissent is______.
A. revolutionary…promoted B. positive…prohibited C. successful…protested
D. divisive…restricted E. militant…fostered
12. ______ as Mario’s misdeed was, his grandmother, always blind to his faults, pretended to be unaware of it.
A. accidental B. apt C. random D. flagrant E. covert

（3）省略句
     13. The most frustrating periods of any diet are the inevitable ______, when weight loss _______ if not stops.
     A. moods…accelerates B. feasts…halts C. holidays…contracts
D. plateaus…slows E. meals…ceases
（4）主语从句
     14. It is ironic that the ______ insights of the great thinkers are voiced so often that they have become mere ______
A. original…clichés B. banal…beliefs C. dubious…habits
D. philosophical…questions E. abstract…ideas
15. If it is true that morality cannot exist without religion, then does not the erosion of religion herald the ______ of morality?
A. regulation B. basis C. belief D. collapse E. value

（5）定语从句
16. The disjunction between educational objectives that stress independence and individuality and those that emphasize obedience to rules and cooperation with others reflects a ______ that arises from the values on which these objectives are based.
A. conflict B. redundancy C. gain D. predictability E. wisdom

（6）宾语从句
17. The poet W.H. Auden believed that the greatest poets of his age were almost necessarily irresponsible, that the possession of great gifts ______ the ______ to abuse them.
A. negates…temptation B. controls…resolution C. engenders…propensity
D. tempers…proclivity E. obviates…inclination

（7）非谓语动词结构
18. No longer considered ______, the belief that all of Puerto Rico’s indigenous Taino people perished centuries ago appears to be a ______ now that modern Taino descendants have come forward.
A. conclusive…reality B. tenable…misconception C. mythical…possibility
D. erroneous…delusion E. hypothetical…digression
19. With its large circulation, Essence magazine has enjoyed ______ only recently challenged by new publications aggressively seeking female African American readers.
A. an aggregation B. an inclination C. a prognosis
D. a retrenchment E. a preeminence

（8）否定加比较
20. The director complained that the sitcom’s theme song was downright ______, having no more pep and vigor than a ______.
A. tedious…jingle B. inchoate…lullaby C. lugubrious…dirge
D. facetious…ballad E. sprightly…eulogy
21. Although nothing could be further from the truth, freight railroads have been ______ of ______ the nation’s shift from oil to coal by charging exorbitant fees to transport coal.
A. accused... impeding B. accused... impeding C. guilty… delaying
D. conscious... contributing to E. wary... interfering wit

（9）until句型
22. The governor’s imposition of martial law on the once-peaceful community was the last straw, so far as the lawmakers were concerned: the legislature refused to function until martial law was ______
A. reaffirmed B. reiterated C. inaugurated D. rescinded E. prolonged
23. We had not realized how much people ______ the library’s old borrowing policy until we received complaints once it had been ______.
A. enjoyed…continued B. disliked…administered C. respected..imitated
D. ignored…lauded E. appreciated…superseded

第二步：逻辑结构分析
根据上一步提取的句子主干结构和表达逻辑关系的关键元素，分析与空格相关的逻辑关系，确定空格所填词语的含义或者感情色彩。

（1）通过标点符号判断
很多题目可以根据题目中具有特征性的标点符号判断句子的逻辑关系。比如分号、冒号、逗号等。
24. Irony can, after a fashion, become a mode of escape: to laugh at the terrors of life is in some sense to ______ them.
A. overstate B. revitalize C. corroborate D. evade E. license
25. Latoya’s ______ is shown by her ability to be ______: she can see her own faults more clearly than anyone else can.
A. perceptiveness…self-centered B. objectivity…restrictive C. cynicism…self-destructive
D. open-mindedness…complacent E. insightfulness…self-critical
26. Paradoxically, the senator was both a ______ and ______: she publicly defended the rights and wisdom of the people, but she often spoke with a disdainful air of superiority.
A. demagogue…a maverick B. conservative…an anarchist C. populist…an elitist
D. moderate…a reactionary E. partisan…a snob
27. Scientists require observable data, not ______, to support a hypothesis; sound science is grounded in ______ results rather than speculation.
A. induction…diminutive B. experimentation…pragmatic C. intuition…fiscal
D. bombast…theoretical E. conjecture…empirical
28. Sadly, the author never ______ the rewards of literary success during her lifetime; public recognition and appreciation of her talent were completely ______.
A. predicted…conclusive B. reaped…posthumous C. acknowledged…fulsome
D. appreciated…gratuitous E. pursued…discredited
29. The mountain road was distinctly ______: it twisted back and forth along the contours of the hillside.
A. panoramic B. precipitous C. serpentine D. circumscribed E. retrograde

（2）通过逻辑连接词判断
关键要素比如逻辑连词、介词等等，可以反映句子的逻辑关系。
30. Since the island soil has been barren for so many years, the natives must now ______ much of their food.
A. deliver B. import C. produce D. develop E. utilize
31. Since the author’s unflattering references to her friends were so ______, she was surprised that her ______ were recognized.
A. laudatory...styles B. obvious...anecdotes C. oblique...allusions
D. critical...eulogies E. apparent...motives
32. Although the minuet appeared simple, its ______ steps had to be studied very carefully before they could be gracefully ______ in public.
A. progressive…revealed B. intricate…executed C. rudimentary…allowed
D. minute…discussed E. entertaining…stylized

（3）通过正负评价法进行判断
正负评价法是在逻辑分析中常涉及到的概念，所谓正负评价就基本相当于我们汉语中的褒义贬义。我们可以根据关键元素的正负评价，来判断空格的正负评价。这是一个解答SAT甚至GRE填空题非常有效的方法，另外阅读理解中也可以运用此方法。
33. Given the ______ state of the published evidence, we do not argue here that exposure to low-level microwave energy is either hazardous or safe.
A. inconclusive B. satisfactory C. definitive D. immaculate E. exemplary
34. Unfortunately, his damaging attacks on the ramifications of the economic policy have been ______ by his wholehearted acceptance of that policy’s underlying assumptions.
A. supplemented B. undermined C. wasted D. diverted E. redeemed
35. Any language is a conspiracy against experience in the sense that it is a collective attempt to ______ experience by reducing it into discrete parcels.
A. extrapolate B. transcribe C. complicate D. amplify E. manage
36. No computer system is immune to a virus, a particularly malicious program that is designed to ______ and electronically ______ the disks on which data are stored.
A. prepare…improve B. restore…disable C. infect…damage
D. preserve…secure E. invade…repair
37. This final essay, its prevailing kindliness ______ by occasional flashes of savage irony, bespeaks the ______ character of the author.
A. illuminated…imperturbable B. marred…dichotomous C. untainted…vindictive
D. exemplified…chivalrous E. diluted…ruthless
38. The success of Notes of a Native Son ______ author James Baldwin as one of the most ______ essayists of his time.
A. buoyed…irrelevant B. established…prominent C. surrendered…prolific
D. decried…cynical E. categorized…mundane

第三步：选词填空
按照刚才几步的逻辑分析，选择正确的词汇填入空中，并且将句子读通顺。但是对于句子意思不要深究。
39. Even though the basic organization of the brain does not change after birth, details of its structure and function remain ______ for some time, particularly in the cerebral cortex.
A. plastic B. immutable C. essential D. unavoidable E. static

★ SAT填空题中的误区

误区一：空格分析顺序不重要
于两个空格的题目，具体先分析哪个空后分析哪个空并不重要，重要的是找到句子的逻辑关键元素和提示信息点，然后结合逻辑分析。有的时候一道填空题可以从多个角度进行切入。
40. Parts of seventeenth-century Chinese pleasure gardens were not necessarily intended to look ______; they were designed expressly to evoke the agreeable melancholy resulting from a sense of the ______ of natural beauty and human glory.
A. beautiful...immutability B. cheerful...transitoriness C. colorful...abstractness
D. luxuriant...simplicity E. conventional...wildness

误区二：不能把选项带入题目解题或者按照知识解题
有的时候把选项带入题目后，发现无论从语法上面还是从知识上面都是正确的。但是填空考查的是逻辑，并不是知识。也许知识是对的，但是就是不符合题干中所给出的关键元素对应，那么也是错误选项。
41. Hydrogen is the ______ elements of the universe in that it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.
A. steadiest B. expendable C. lightest D. final E. fundamental

误区三：避免发散思维
在做填空题的过程中，一定要避免丝毫的发散思维，最直接肤浅的逻辑对应就是答案所在。
42. The techniques now available to livestock breeders will continue to be ______, but will probably be ______ by new ones under development.
A. Fruitful...reversed B. refined...upgraded C. inconvenient...reassessed
D. used...supplemented E. harmless...improved
43. During the widespread fuel shortage, the price of gasoline was so ______ that suppliers were generally thought to be ______ the consumer.
A. Reactive...shielding B. stable...blackmailing C. depressed...cheating
D. prohibitive...placating E. excessive...gouging

★ 可以根据ETS固定套路解题

1．传统观念与现实突破
44. Famous in her time and then forgotten, the 17th century Dutch painter Judith Leyster was ______ obscurity when, in 1993, the Worcester Art Museum organized the first retrospective exhibition of her work.
A. resigned to B. rewarded with C. rescued from D. indifferent to E. worthy of

2．道德水准与科学技术发展背道而驰
45. A certain additive put in gasoline to reduce air pollution is actually ______ groundwater, a finding that shows that even the most well-intentioned fixes can sometimes______.
A. liquefying…founder B. contaminating…backfire C. purifying…boomerang
D. saturating…reciprocate E. polluting…prevail
46. People who take megadoses of vitamins and minerals should take care: though beneficial in small quantities, in large amounts these substances may have ______ effects.
A. admirable B. redundant C. intangible D. toxic E. minor

3．政治在实践中总是激起仇恨的
47. Opponents of the expansion of the market economy, although in ______, continued to constitute ______ political force throughout the century.
A. error... an inconsequential B. retreat… a powerful C. disarray… a disciplined
D. jeopardy… an ineffective E. command… a viable

4．发展与环境总是倾向于环境保护的
48. It is the task of the International Wildlife Preservation Commission to prevent endangered species from becoming ______ in order that future generations may ______ the great diversity of animal life.
A. tamed…recollect B. evolved…value C. extinct…enjoy
D. specialized…anticipate E. widespread…appreciate

★ SAT填空题中的逻辑关系分类

1．同义重复逻辑关系

（1）因果关系
     ● 明显因果关系
        Because, because of, for, as, since, in that, be due to, given, considering, as long as, if, when, while, so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, consequently, accordingly, thus, hence, so…that…, so…as to…, then…
     ● 隐含因果关系
lead to, cause, reflect, result in, give rise to, derive from, result from, portray, present, bespeak, require, suggest, on the basis of, represent, be based on, for the reason that…, rely on, spring from, make, underlying…

49. The commentator characterized the electorate as ______ because it was unpredictable and given to constantly shifting moods.
A. mercurial B. corrosive C. disingenuous D. implacable E. phlegmatic
50. Thomas Hardy’s novels are described as ______ because of their preoccupation with daily life in rural and agricultural settings.
A. bucolic B. prolific C. lugubrious D. sundry E. metaphorical
51. In part of the Arctic, the land grades into the landfast ice so ____ that you can walk off the coast and not know you are over the hidden sea.
A. permanently B. imperceptibly C. regularly D. precariously E. slightly
52. The results of the experiments performed by Elizabeth Hazen and Rachel Brown were ____ not only because these results challenged old assumptions but also because they called the ____ methodology into question.
A. provocative... prevailing B. predictable ... contemporary C. inconclusive ... traditional
D. intriguing ... projected E. specious ... original
53. One critic asserts that modern urban architecture causes sensory deprivation because it fails to provide visual and tactile _______.
A. latency B. stimulation C. complacence D. confusion E. extension
54. Victor gained a reputation for being a ______ because he constantly bullied other children.
A. bungler B. ruffian C. stickler D. daredevil E. naysayer
55. The new vaccine is ______ preventing certain forms of pneumonia and should, therefore, be more widely ______ in order to prevent outbreaks of the disease.
A. required for…constrained B. unsuccessful in…distributed C. instrumental in…reconstituted
D. effective in…administered E. unverified for…disseminated
56. Since the foreign correspondent was accustomed to completing his assignments under ______ conditions, the commotion of the subway at rush hour presented no ______ his creativity.
A. squalid…boon for B. tranquil…obstruction to C. tumultuous…impediment to
D. destructive…demonstration of E. flagrant…benefit to
57. The anthropology professor hoped that his latest book would appeal to popular as well as to ______ readers, thereby earning him ______ in both realms.
A. general…disdain B. lay…attention C. academic…anonymity
D. avid…remuneration E. scholarly…acclaim

（2）目的手段结果关系
     ● in order to, to, for, by, 分词短语, 不定式
     58. Edith Wharton sought in her memoir to present herself as having achieved a harmonious wholeness by having ______ the conflicting elements of her life.
A. affirmed B. highlighted C. identified D. confined E. reconciled
59. Having sufficient income of her own constituted for Alice ______ independence that made possible a degree of ______ in her emotional life as well.
A. a material…security B. a profound…conformity C. a financial economy
D. a psychological…extravagance E. an unexpected…uncertainty
60. Communities in primitive areas where natural ______ is scarce must be resourceful in order to secure adequate nutrition.
A. education B. competition C. sustenance D. agriculture E. assistance
     61. John Gielgud crowns a distinguished career of playing Shakespearean roles by giving a performance that is ______.
A. mediocre B. outmoded C. superficial D. unsurpassable E. insipid
62. Studies of ______ among turtles are sometimes ______ by the fact that the subjects live so long that researchers retire before the studies can be completed.
A. extinction…enhanced B. longevity...hampered C. behavior…belied
D. mortality…bolstered E. reproduction…confirmed

（3）递进关系
● even, indeed, not only…but also…, almost…

63. Some skeptics consider the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence(SETI) to be _______, even foolish; others go so far as to accuse SETI scientists of outright ______ in applying skewed data.
A. misguided…remonstrance B. absurd…erudition C. plausible…lassitude
D. painstaking…fabrication E. wrongheaded…chicanery
64. In the seventeenth century, direct flouting of a generally accepted system of values was regarded as ______, even as a sign of madness.
A. adventurous B. frivolous C. willful D. impermissible E. irrational
65. Few of us take the pains to study our cherished convictions: indeed, we almost have a natural ______ doing so.
A. aptitude for B. repugnance to C. interest in D. ignorance of E. reaction after

（4）并列复指关系
● and, 分号，非转折含义连接词(and, or…)，平行结构，同位语

66. Scientists wonder what to do with the dead satellites, jettisoned rockets, drifting paint flecks, and other ______ orbiting earth.
A. flotsam B. reconnaissance C. decimation D. raiment E. sustenance
67. Only recently created, this orchid is a ______, a plant produced by deliberately crossbreeding two different varieties of flowers.
A. misnomer B. hybrid C. vector D. curative E. precursor
68. Many private universities depend heavily on ______, the wealthy individuals who support them with gifts and bequests.
A. instructors B. administrators C. monitors D. accountants E. benefactors
69. Canadian Lynn Johnston was named Cartoonist of the Year in 1985, the first woman to be so ______.
A. inspired B. entrusted C. honored D. employed E. refined
70. Some Tibetan nomads used yak butter as a ______, one that often took the place of money in commercial transactions.
A. promotion B. commodity C. formula D. refund E. register
71. The archaeologist believed the coin she unearthed was ______ evidence, unquestionable proof that the site dated to the fourth century.
A. immaterial B. potential C. incriminating D. nominal E. indisputable
72. His conduct at the state dinner was a cavalcade of blunders, one ______ following another until the evening ended.
A. query B. gibe C. gaffe D. tryst E. tribute

（5）解释关系
● 分词短语，不定式短语，状语从句，冒号

73. Geoffery’s corrupt dealings earned him such disgrace that any possibility of his being reelected to the city council was completely ______.
A. ensured B. approved C. belittled D. eliminated E. defended
74. The professor’s presentation was both ______ and ______: though brief, it was instructive.
A. verbose…mundane B. concise…elaborate C. comprehensive…edifying
D. succinct…enlightening E. technical
75. The judge’s published opinions, though sophisticated and subtle, were undeniably ______: they left no doubt of her intentions.
A. unequivocal B. effusive C. incorrigible D. tenuous E. ineffable
76. The biologist’s deｓｃｒｉｐｔion of the wolf pack was truly ______, devoid of any emotion or personal prejudice.
A. dispassionate B. insubstantial C. esoteric D. capricious E. indignant
77. The pharmaceutical company insisted that its testing of new drugs was quite ______, more rigorous than the industry standard.
A. stringent B. dispersive C. conditional D. recessive E. obtrusive
78. The strong ______ the professor was able to establish with his students made him ______ confidant for those on campus seeking advice beyond the purely academic.
A. program…an occasional B. rapport…a respected C. confidence…an unappreciated
D. community…an unusual E. ambition…a valued
79. Edmund White is a ______ author: he has written novels, essays, short stories, a travel book, and a biography.
A. demonstrative B. nebulous C. meticulous D. versatile E. metaphoric
80. A model of ______ behavior, Cunningham never ate or drank to excess.
A. temperate B. laconic C. duplicitous D. aesthetic E. voluble
81. The entrepreneur had a well-deserved reputation for ______, having accurately anticipated many changes unforeseen by established business leaders.
A. prescience B. sincerity C. avarice D. complicity E. mendacity
82. In her writings about language, the poet Gloria Anzaldua celebrates the ______ of English and Spanish dialects spoken by Mexica n Americans, arguing that such ______ lends an empowering flexibility to expression.
A. multiplicity…variety B. proliferation…moderation C. ambivalence…focus
D. dearth…depletion E. abridgment…imitation
83. In an effort to ______ the ______theater, the troupe members contributed thousands of dollars to keep the playhouse operating.
A. qualify…obsolete B. salvage…floundering C. exacerbate…defunct
D. revitalize…prosperous E. commandeer…lucrative
84. As of intended to squelch rumors of cutbacks, the company’s annual celebration was as ______ as ever.
A. sparing B. tawdry C. belated D. lavish E. sated

2．反义重复逻辑关系
（1）转折关系
● although, though, even though, albeit, despite, in spite of, however, but, yet, while, whereas, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, whatever

85. Although easily angered by our mischievous behaviors, our mother could be immediately ______ by our expressions of remorse.
A. substantiated B. impugned C. protected D. united E. mollified
86. Although aging brings about profound physiological changes, it does not often alter an individual’s _______: an irascible thirty year old will probably still be ______at seventy.
A. disposition…cantankerous B. anatomy…churlish C. outlook…benevolent
D. personality…laconic E. stature…robust
87. Although visitors initially may find touring the city by subway to be ______, they are pleased to discover that subways are an inexpensive and ______ way to get around.
A. wasteful…generous B. daunting…efficient C. extravagant…prohibitive
D. convenient…solitary E. enjoyable…easy
88. Despite his ______ desire to show off, he remained at heart a very ______ person.
A. uncharacteristic…demonstrative B. inexplicable…hedonistic C. occasional…reticent
D. continual…transparent E. blatant…exhibitionistic
89. Although the rigors of ballet dancing are primarily ______, this art is also emotionally and spiritually.
A. illusory…taxing B. exaggerated…balanced C. physical…demanding
D. appealing…indulgent E. strenuous…dubious
90. Even though Charlie was in apparently good health, the doctor prescribed for him some ______ medication due to his familial history of high blood pressure.
A. presumptive B. predictive C. preliminary D. premeditated E. preventative
91. Though earlier anatomists had touched on the idea, Paul Broca was the first to ______ fully the modern notion that specific behaviors are controlled by particular areas of the human brain.
A. articulate B. derogate C. represent D. refute E. iterate
92. Designed as a gathering place, the new student lounge was appropriately ______ with tables, chairs, and even sofas where groups could assemble comfortably.
A. indicated B. appointed C. denuded D. conflated E. venerated
93. Named in honor of the school’s founder, the Richard Brownstone Community Service Fellowship is one of the highest awards ______ Brownstone School graduated.
A. conｓｃｒｉｐｔed to B. redeemed for C. conferred on D. relegated to E. deprived of

（2）直接对比关系
● 结构对比关系：not…but…, instead, in contrast, on the contrary, far from…, on the other hand, rather than, more…than…, otherwise, unlike, not so much…as...
94. While it is assumed that the mechanization of work has a----effect on the lives of workers, there is evidence available to suggest that, on the contrary, mechanization has served to ______ some of the traditional roles of women.
A. salutary… improve B. dramatic… undermine C. benign… revise
D. debilitating… weaken E. revolutionary… reinforce
95. The audience recognized the officer’s characteristic ______ when he attributed his achievements to ______ rather than bravery.
A. pedantry…chance B. gallantry…whimsy C. humility…fortune
D. bravado…accident E. effrontery…discretion
96. The employer blamed the staff member’s lack of productivity on ______ rather than incompetence, claiming that the man knew how to do his job but was too lazy to apply himself.
A. infatuation B. tension C. indigence D. indolence E. ineptitude
97. In many parts of the world, people use rice as a central rather than a ______ part of their daily diets.
A. pivotal B. ritualistic C. salient D. supplementary E. solemn
98. Unlike the ______ presentations of the other students in class, Mary Catherine’s presentation demonstrated a thorough and mature grasp of the material.
A. astute B. sophomoric C. incredulous D. cloying E. scintillating
99. The professor’s ______ lecture on American history served more to confuse the students than to clarify the difficult material.
A. perspicacious B. exhaustive C. cogent D. scintillating E. disjointed

● 特殊含义词对比：paradoxical, paradoxically, ironical, ironically, unexpected, unexpectedly, curious, curiously, surprise, surprisingly, unfortunate, unfortunately, puzzle, shock
100. Ironically, the party leaders encountered no greater ______ their efforts to build a progressive party than the----of the progressives already elected to the legislature.
A. support for… advocacy B. threat to… promise C. benefit from… success
D. obstacle to…resistance n E. praise for… reputation

（3）时间对比关系
● before, until, since, previous, current, recently, now, today, yesterday, later, future, begin, start, origin, create, once, early, formerly, initially, pristine, erstwhile, heretofore, hitherto, no longer

101. No longer considered ______, the belief that all of Puerto Rico’s indigenous Taino people perished centuries ago appears to be a ______ now that modern Taino descendants have come forward.
A. conclusive…reality B. tenable…misconception C. mythical…possibility
D. erroneous…delusion E. hypothetical…digression
102. Once his integrity had been ______, the mayoral candidate was quick both to ______ these attacks and to issue counterattacks.
A. debunked…buttress B. restored…recommence C. revoked…relinquish
D. impugned…repudiate E. vitiated…avoid
103. No longer narrowly preoccupied with their own national pasts, historians are increasingly ______ in that they often take a transnational perspective.
A. conciliatory B. bombastic C. mendacious D. cosmopolitan E. jocular
104. The garden that had remained ______ for months was now pleasantly enlivened by the budding shoots of its perennial flowers.
A. redolent B. dormant C. exuberant D. compliant E. trenchant
105. After several months of training, the ______ young spaniel was finally ______ enough to be walked safely without a leash.
A. eager…unruly B. placid…defiant C. clever…helpful
D. boisterous…docile E. vigilant…convinced
106. After David left him waiting for the third consecutive time, Kirk realized that the same behavior he had initially valued as spontaneous and carefree was, in fact, simply ______.
A. capricious B. incontrovertible C. extraneous D. captivating E. inscrutable
107. At the family reunion Hiroko found her cousin charming and gentle, the ______ of his formerly rude and overbearing self.
A. remnant B. antithesis C. consequence D. extremity E. mainstay
108. The geologist speculated that eons ago, before the area was______, the present-day island was actually a hilltop in a vast forest.
A. inundated B. situated C. rejuvenated D. supplanted E. excavated